Prehistoric Medicine Essay Example for Free

Prehistoric Medicine Essay They used herbalism; the practise of using herbs to heal people. In each tribe there were shamans who would ‘exorcise ill people’ demons’ and apothecary. They had medicine men who were shamans and witch-doctors. They would provide supernatural treatments like charms, spells and amulets to ward off evil spirits. If someone was ill the medicine man would initiate a ceremony over the patient where they would use magic formulas prayers and drumming. People thought that the medicine men could contact the spirits or Gods so people looked up to them. They used healing clays to heal their internal and external wounds and just after surgery. Prehistoric people also used trepanning mainly in Peru. This was when they would drill a hole in a person’s skull to relieve pressure. It was mainly done as an emergency operation after a head wound to remove shattered bits of bone. They believed it would treat epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders. They would keep the bit of skull around their neck as they thought it would ward off evil spirits. Nowadays people use a modernised trephine instrument in a corneal transplant surgery. Early medicine for Greeks and Romans: Hippocrates: Born 470 BCE ‘Father of Modern Medicine’ He had a theory of the 4 humours. He thought that the human body contained 4 important liquids called humours. They thought if the humours became unbalanced then people would become ill. The 4 humours were black bile, yellow bile blood and phlegm. His theory was wrong but it was a breakthrough in medicine because it made people think that illness was caused by something natural inside your body instead of the Greek Gods. Quote from a book in the Hippocratic Collection of books: ‘Man’s body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦has blood, phlegm, yellow bile and melancholy (black) bile. These make up his parts and through them he feels illness or enjoys health. When all these elements are truly balanced and mingled, he feels the most perfect health. Illness occurs when one of these humours is in excess or is lessened in amount or is entirely thrown out of the body.’ Hippocrates invented the Hippocratic Oath which was taken by all physicians; this is still in use today. Herophilus: He was the 1st anatomist. He introduced the experimental method to science. He discovered that the brain controls how the body works, not the heart by dissecting human bodies. He also identified parts of the stomach. He did a lot of work on nerves. Claudius Galen: He was the Roman Emperor’s doctor. Galen’s work was based on the Hippocratic Collection. He was one of the Great surgeons of the ancient world. He added his own theory to the 4 humours theory. He developed a theory called the ‘treatment of opposites’. So if an illness was caused by heat he would cool them down and vice versa. Galen also emphasized the importance of clinical observation and would take detailed notes on his examination of his patients. He was one of the 1st physicians who used experiments in his medical investigation. Through that he proved that urine was formed in the kidney as opposed to the bladder. His most important discovery was that the arteries carried blood but he never discovered circulation.

Deforestation In Rain Forests Environmental Sciences Essay

Deforestation In Rain Forests Environmental Sciences Essay Deforestation in all Rain Forests is a major issue. Natural forests are cleared through logging and/or burning. Deforestation is being caused by people cutting down the trees for wood, agricultural space and urbanization space. Two cause of deforestation are conversion of forests and forest degradation. Conversion of forest means other land uses including pulp, palm, and soy plantations, and things like roads and other infrastructure. Forest degradation comes from fires, illegal and unsustainable logging, fuel wood harvesting, and climate change. 12 to 15 million hectares of forest are lost each year and are responsible for 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Tropical forests are where deforestation is most prevalent, and holds more than 210 gigatonnes of carbon. There are many effects of deforestation like reduce biodiversity, release of greenhouse gas emissions, disrupts water cycles, increases soil erosion, and disrupts livelihoods. There are always two sides to a controversial i ssue. Description The first sides that I am going to be talking about are the pros for deforestation. There are many pros for deforestation like that it will help bring income for families and creates jobs, build homes, and uses wood in their daily lives. In addition, there are many wood products out in the world, and creating grazing and farming lands. Also, some forest areas contain natural resources, so mining will take place instead. Overall, there are many pros to deforestation, but people are causing extra damage, so the cost becomes expensive. There are many benefits to deforestation; it helps out people all around the world. Cutting down the trees would help bring in income for families. Logging corporations help with economy by creating jobs for people. Having the trees cut down, would help build shelters, and homes for people. People use wood for everything, like cooking and a source of energy which helps with daily lives. Wood products such as tables, chairs, dressers, wheel-barrels, construction of doors, window frames, crates, coffins, furniture, plywood sheets, chopsticks, household utensils and other items. The price of the wood is sold to wealthy people who pay 100 times more than the locals. Create land for farming and grazing land for cattle is the largest causes of deforestation. Some forested areas contain other natural resources, such as iron ore or mineral deposits. Deforestation is caused by companies that go in and mine for these resources. Most of the rain forest timber on the international market is sold to rich countries. People who have moved into rain forest areas and established small-scale farming operations cause more harm by cutting down more tree on top of the corporation log large areas of the rain forest. These are the landless peasants who have followed roads that have already damaged rain forest areas. The additional damage they are causing is extensive. Shifted cultivators are currently being blamed for 60% of tropical forest loss. On the other hand, there are many cons to deforestation. What we dont realize how much damage that we cause. Some of the cons to deforestation are that there is a reduction in biodiversity, and some of the animals are being affected by this. In addition, climate change, soil erosion, and nutrients are lost to deforestation. Another con of deforestation is the increase with greenhouse gas emissions, which will affect the water cycle causing soil erosions. The last con to deforestation is that it will disrupt animals and people living there. Biodiversity is mixture of animals, plants, humans and other organisms living together. Deforestation and forest degradation can cause biodiversity to decline. People rely on the forests, through small-scale agriculture, for hunting and gathering and by harvesting forest products. Indigenous people, plants and animals are driven out, and many plants and animals may become extinct. When forests are destroyed, wildlife is deprived of their habitat pushing them into populated areas. Considering that about 80% of the worlds documented species can be found in tropical rain forests, deforestation puts at risk a majority of the Earths biodiversity(wwf). Some animals that are being harmed by deforestation are spider monkey, Manatee, and Bengal tiger. For an example the spider monkey mainly live high up in the canopy and depends on trees and other vegetation to survive. The spider monkey also uses plant to get their food. Spider Monkeys eat fruits, leaves and nuts and occasionally insects. Spider Monkeys are located in Central and South America and some parts of Mexico. Another species threatened by deforestation is the manatee which is related to the elephant. Also manatee lives all around the world, mostly in tropical warm water areas range in central South American water that flows through the rain forest and as far north as Florida. The last species of animal that are affected deforestation is the Bengal tigers can be found in southeast Asia in parts of India, China, Bangladesh and Indonesia as well as other southeast Asian countries. The Bengal tiger is endangered. The tiger is losing its native land to loss of habitat push the t iger into more populated areas. Climate change, soil erosion and nutrients are lost making the ground insecure. Since the ground is insecure and lack of plant life holding water creates flooding in watersheds. Increased soil erosion from lack of trees and water accelerates rates of soil erosion, by increasing runoff and reducing the protection of the soil from tree litter. The flooding will also cause landslides to form. Deforestation also disrupts water cycle. As a result of deforestation, trees no longer evaporate groundwater, which can cause the local climate to be much drier. In addition, it will also dry out parts of the world or flood other parts of the world. A good example about the climate change is that in the Mediterranean, summers have become hotter, with less and less humidity and more winds. With these kinds of conditions, it will help create forest fires. There are also more intensive rains and storms during winter which leads to increased vegetation, which in summer dries out and becomes fuel for fires (wwf). With different climate changes, there are always more chances for forest fires happening. Global warming which is caused by large amounts of Carbon dioxide floating in the atmosphere. The rays of the sun go through the atmosphere, but become trapped in the atmosphere, causing the temperature of the planet to rise. Deforestation accelerates this by reducing the number of trees, which help to convert Carbon dioxide into oxygen. Deforestation causes 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Of these, carbon dioxide emissions represent up to one-third of total carbon dioxide emissions released because of human causes (wwf). The last cause of deforestation is that it disrupts people and animals living there. Deforestation pose severe social problems and leading to violent conflicts in resources. Rain forests are destroyed by heavy machinery used to penetrate the forests and build roads causes extensive damage, and gathering only few logs are gathered. Trees fallen and soil is compacted by heavy machinery which does not allow forests regenerate. Local tribes and people are disrupted; birds and animals are dislocated by logging which plays a major role in deforestation. Roads that built in rain forest which poor farmers use to get in to the rain forest and cause more deforestation. Position My position on the issue about wanting to save the rain forest and stop deforestation. I believe that the cons out way the pros because there are many threats, but there are all different kinds of solutions. One of the treats is that animals are losing their habitat and forest is being lost. In addition, the rain forest affects the climate because it helps to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Also, you would see different climate patterns and sometimes soil erosions. In addition, there is also illegal lodging. Some of the methods that we could possibly do are to restore forests that we are destroying, so that we can fix up the parts that we messed up. I think we have get out there and let more people know so we will be able to stop it. In addition, I think we should enforce the laws and treaties that are out there in order to achieve zero deforestation. I believe that if we do not stop deforestation, we wont have a planet where we are able to breath clean air and loss all different kin ds of species and plants. Overall, I believe that we should save the rain forest and stop deforestation before it gets too bad. Discussion on my Position There are many threats to deforestation in rain forests. Some of the threats that we are causing is the logging interests for cutting down rain forest for timber that we use in flooring, furniture, and other items. Hydroelectric projects flood acres of rain forest which means habitats are lost and forest communities and wildlife have to move. In addition, mining operations helps clear forest to gain natural resources, but they contaminate the forest eco-system with their runoff. Another threat to deforestation is a bunch of different types of industries and even sometimes the government. The first type is power plants and other industries because they cut and burn trees to help generate electricity. The second type of industry is paper industry because they turn huge tracts of rain forest trees into pulp. The third is governments and industries because they clear and cut forests away, to help make way for service and transit roads. Agricultural interests are also a major cause of def orestation. For example, cattle industry is one of them because they use slash-and-burn techniques to clear ranch land and the soy industry to clear forests for cropland. In addition, farmers like to slash-and-burn rain forest for firewood and to make room for crops and grazing lands. The last threat of deforestation is building roads because they are clearing the forests to make roads. In addition by making roads through the habitat, we are endangering the wildlife habitats, so we might get rid of amazing specie because it no longer has it habitat to live in. The last thing with building roads is that it helps provide a good access point for illegal loggers and other business operations to gain more access to the forest. Biodiversity is a major part of the world. It does not affect only humans, but it can also affect species and plants. In the rain forest, many different types of species and plants live there. For example, 1,500 species of flowering plants, 750 species of trees, 125 mammal species, 400 species of birds, 100 species of reptiles, 60 species of amphibians, and 150 different species of butterflies. In addition, there are many species of fish living near the rivers. For instance, in this quote there are more fish species in the Amazon river system than in the entire Atlantic Ocean (savetherainforest.org). In Indonesia and Malaysia, more and more trees are cut down to produce palm oil, resulted in the loss of habitat for the native orangutans. With the loss of many trees many animals are becoming homeless that soon more animals will show up under the Endangered Species Act. The last thing is that Rainforests are home to two-thirds of all living animal and plant species on the planet, with hundreds of millions of species still undiscovered (coolingearth.org). The rain forest helps with keeping the air clean and the water cycle on track. It also helps with soil erosions. It cycles the Carbon dioxide and creating less CO2 emissions. A hectare (2.471 acres) of rain forest absorbs one ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year (savetherainforest.org). From people clearing and destroying the rain forest is creating a less places for CO2 to be absorbed. Since people are removing trees, we are just helping with Global warming. This relates to Global Warming because the Rainforests are critical to global weather systems acting as the worlds thermostat (cooleath.org). In addition, with the climate being so weird, there are chances of more flooding in some areas and in other area dryness. There are several methods out to stop deforestation and for saving rain forests. The first method to help stop deforestation is reforestation. Basically what I am talking about is that we can replant trees that we cut down. In addition, you join environmental awareness groups that would help you advocate about reforestation. The second method to stop deforestation is support laws and programs that are made to protect forests and to end deforestation. One program that made a difference is the Forestry Action Plan. The third method to stop deforestation is that you should only cut down mature trees and keeping the younger trees intact. For every tree that is lost, you should try to replace it with another one. The fourth method to stop deforestation is by using recycle items, so you would not need to replace new raw material. The last method is that you can limit your consumption of products that contain palm oil. For example, you can limit your consumption on breads, chocolates, and e ven some cosmetics such as shampoo, soap or toothpaste. When I talk about the consumption of products, I also mean your food consumption like that you can roast or boil your foods. There are many laws and treaties out there to help achieve zero deforestation, but we have to try harder. I believe that if we all try to work together I am sure that we will be able to achieve what we want. Some of the laws that we can use are the Wilderness Act, Lacey Act, and the Roadless Rule. Theses can help protect the U.S. forests and stop illegal wood products from entering the U.S. marketplace. Another law is The Tropical Forest and Coral Conservation Reauthorization Act 2009 to help give developing countries a financial incentive to promote environmental conservation within their own borders (coolearth.org). One of the treaties that we use is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The reason why we use this treaty is to help protect forests and the endangered plant and animal species that rely on forest for habitats (greenpeace.org). Question During my research about deforestation in rain forests, some questions came up about it. The first question is what would be the point of replanting the trees if you are just going to cut the tree down again? The second question that came up during my research is if we have all these different kinds of laws, then why dont we see changes? In addition, why dont they try to enforce the laws better? Conclusion My Work Cited: Akinyemi, Aaron. New US law uses debt relief to help conserve tropical rainforests Protecting rainforests with Cool Earth Action Keeping carbon where it belongs. Home Protecting rainforests with Cool Earth Action Keeping carbon where it belongs. Cool Earth Action, n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Benefits of Deforestation | EDU.UDYM.com. EDU.UDYM Information for your life. Get the benefit of our combined research and effort to guide your information needs. N.p., 5  Aug.  2008. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Deforestation the Effects It Has on a Global Scale | National Geographic. Green Living | National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Deforestation Facts, Deforestation Information, Effects of Deforestation National Geographic. Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural Disasters, Ecosystems, Green Living National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Fiset, Nathalie. 8 Basic Ways of Preventing Deforestation. EzineArticle Submission. N.p., 29  Mar.  2007. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Rain Forest Threats, Rain Forest Species National Geographic. Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural Disasters, Ecosystems, Green Living National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Rainforest Animals. Rainforest Animals. Sciennected, 4  Jan.  2001. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Rainforest Destruction. Save The Rainforest. N.p.,  2001. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Solutions to Deforestation | Greenpeace. Greenpeace International Home | Greenpeace International. GREENPEACE,  2012. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . The Rainforest Protecting rainforests with Cool Earth Action Keeping carbon where it belongs. Home Protecting rainforests with Cool Earth Action Keeping carbon where it belongs. Cool Earth Action, n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . WWF Deforestation. WWF WWF. N.p., n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. .

Abortion Or Theath Who Knows :: essays research papers

Man''s inhumanity to man is everywhere. I firmly believe that people on this earth should be treated and respected equally. People are all unique. They come from different backgrounds, have different beliefs and ideas, but treating others in such an inhuman way, as the Jewish were in the concentration camps is cruel and should have never happened. I believe that the killing of several million people during the Holocaust could have been prevented by the means of more involvement from the other countries. When German gained great power, many of the countries did not pay attention. Germany started World War II and countries like England and France, knowing quite well the rise in Germany''s power could cause mass destruction wouldn''t do anything about it until it was too late. Countries should have bonded together and stop the horrible torture and killings. Why didn''t the more powerful countries stop Germany sooner? Some countries just didn''t want to get involved until later. Experiencing a slow economy and lack of funds, they didn''t want to get into a costly war, but this lack of quick involvement resulted in tragedy. Preventing this genocide and anti-Semitism, I think would take a lot of work and effort for many of the countries but it would spare so many lives. The other countries should have recognized the threat Germany posed when Germany broke the Treaty of Versailles agreement. Quick action could have saved more than six million lives by stopping Hitler and the Nazi party. After the Holocaust, the people who survived the concentration camps should have received their properties back. Germany should have given the survivors some money so they wouldn''t have to start from ground zero. Why did the people living in Germany allow this to happen? Hitler blamed the Jewish people for the cause of Germany''s problems and the people believed him, electing a government who was trying to destroy an entire race. Germans who were against anti-Semitism should have gathered a political party to fight for the Jews. Some of their friends and neighbors were taken from their homes and forced into a concentration camp. If they had at least tried, they might not live their lives with regret thinking what if they had done something different, and then maybe; just maybe the Jews might not have died. It was not just Hitler and the Nazi''s that treated man inhumanely. It is happening all around the world with cults such as the Ku Klux Klan who killed because of the dislike of another race.

Inventing A Writing Technology :: Teaching Writing Education Essays

â€Å"Inventing† A Writing Technology When we originally were given the criteria for this assignment, I knew right away what it was that I was going to do. I love being creative and sharing my ideas with other people, I like to think of myself as somewhat of an original person. My idea would initially satisfy all of the given criteria: permanence, portability, creativity, and naturalness of the components used to compose my creative piece of writing. Growing up, my brother and I would venture out when the creek was frozen and play on the ice for hours on end. One of the things we would do was carve out the ice to make picture, games and such. I knew that for his project, using ice would be an excellent idea. I knew it was fairly easy to do, it would stay there for as long as the creek continued to be frozen, and if necessary, it could be cut out and taken along to wherever I needed to go. When I arrived at my parent’s house, I headed straight for the creek with the plan in mind only to find that the ice was snow covered. I was down, but not out. After shoveling the ice, I was ready to begin my carving only to find that the ice was bubbly and definitely not smooth enough to be a recognizable writing surface. My plan was shot, I had come home for nothing. From this point on, I was forced to come up with an alternative plan of action. I thought of many things to use such as sticks and stones, but they would all sink into the snow if I placed them there and where not very portable or permanent if laid upon the ice. After weighing my options and a great deal of thought, I caught a glimpse of one of the many trees that line my creek bank. On the tree were many jagged icicles one of which I decide to use as my writing tool. My surface became the dreaded snow that was the culprit behind my initially foiled plan.

Free Essay on Miltons Paradise Lost - Paradise Lost as an Epic :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Paradise Lost as an Epic  Ã‚   The Oxford English Dictionary defines "cosmos" as "the world or universe as an ordered and harmonious system," from the Greek, "kosmos," referring to an ordered and/or ornamental thing. Though Pythagoras is credited with first using this term to describe the Universe, probably since he is also the one most commonly cited for ideas of harmony and the Musica Mundana, cosmos is generally a contrast to "chaos"-"the first state of the universe." In explaining the theology and cosmology of Paradise Lost, Milton writes, "the heavens and earth/ Rose out of Chaos," describing the move from the formless mass to the ordered whole. (I:9-10) As much as this delineates the structure of the world, however, its culmination seems to appear in the Spirit, as Milton has conceived it-the free, reasoning, integrated Consciousness. Though many have found a hero in the English epic from its dramatis personae-from Adam to Satan to God/Son himself-the most encompassing heroism seems that of Milton himself, a s a manifestation of this most supreme of creations: the wholesome mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An instance in which Milton's views on the sovereignty of the Spirit appear in some of the conversations of the Arch Fiend himself with his fellows-which is quite ironic, considering that the story is an extrapolation upon Christian Scripture. One of Satan's "compeers" says, during a discussion after their exile from Heaven: Too well I see and rue the dire event That, with sad overthrow and foul defeat, Hath lost us Heaven, and all this mighty host In horrible destruction laid thus low, As far as Gods and heavenly Essences Can perish: for the mind and spirit remains Invincible, and vigour soon returns, Though all our glory extinct, and happy state Here swallowed up in endless misery (I:135-140).    The invincibility of "the mind and spirit" is something which even the foes of God understand. Though the fallen angels corrupt their "heavenly Essences" with disobedience and revolt, they still have a keen understanding of the powers of perception, of personal reaction to one's environment-"for neither do the Spirits damned/ Lose all their virtue" (2:482-483). Satan boldly speaks to his fellows, asking What though the field be lost? All is not lost-the unconquerable will . . . And courage never to submit or yield (I:105-108).    Like a true hero, Satan refers to conquest and courage, a response to the tyranny he and his cohorts have received from the hand of God.

Importance of Playing Sports Essay

But I think as generation is passing by the importance of sports and games is diminishing.Todays youth is more interested in virtual games like playing Xbox ,PS,mobile games rather than real games which could be beneficial for them.Not only shifting of interest to virtual games,some have reasons of studies or work and they are not able to take out time for sports and games or they don’t give much importance to it.But here my motive is to make you aware of its benefits and what are the things you are loosing if you don’t have time or you don’t have any importance for it. Playing sports and games can give you a numerous benefits which can lead to overall improvement of your body both mentally and physically.Lets check out what are the benefits it can give you. I Assume that everybody knows how important it is for physical health.Not only it keeps you fit and healthy for a period of time in fact it helps you for life time. I have seen many people at mature age they find difficulties with physical fitness.A strong reasons for many can be at their young age they never gave importance for sports. Researches are found the evidence that at age of maturity or old age the person who were found with difficulties physical and health ,for many, reasons were the same. Playing sports can boast up your strength which leads to activeness.It keeps you active all the time whether at time of work or studies. As I mentioned above that sports and games can lead to a very fit and fine body.You don’t have to go gym for body fitness ,Sports is enough to keep your body fit. Builds up energy, stamina and strength. For health and mind both sports and games are very beneficial.It keeps you fit from inside,improves immune system which in turn gives a healthy and fit body. It helps in refreshing your mind.Working or studying all the time can make make your thinking, decision or learning power low.,makes your life more with stress ,tension and workload.So here taking out some time to play some sports or games can makes you distress. Research and study have reported that those who play sports and games at young age they have much growth of mind as compared to others.Games like chess, Sudoku ,Monopoly,Scrabble helps you in opening a mind and growth to think. I think that life is very similar to sports and games.So I believe that it can teach you a lot of things which can help in many ways in your normal life. Sports and games teaches a young mind a lot of things ,Decision making is one of them.You know when you play some sports or game you have to make some decisions these decisions train your mind how to make decisions in life. Playing games and sports give you a lot of motivation in life at the time of your difficult situations, hectic life etc.. When you play sports which need team members to play ,it teaches you how to work in a team,teaches you strength of unity,team bonding.This helps you at time when you are working at some place which requires team work. It teaches you how to make a discipline in personal and professional life. When you play sports or some game ,some time the situation get very crucial and that time you have to get down all your capabilities to focus.Same things happens in life when you struggling with crucial situations. Sports and games teaches you the art of patience at difficult times in life. As I mentioned above it keeps you fit mentally as well as physically all over your life time.Lower the chances of diseases and physical problems. Sports and games are nothing without challenges.You have to take challenges from your self as well as from opponent. This teaches you how to accept challenges in normal life. Likewise there are many things a person can learn from sports and games, not only for professional life but personal life too. When we talk about the sports and games, there are many which are beneficial for normal person but here I will tell you those sports and games for which you don’t need high skills and extra efforts to play.I have divided the list of sports and games according to physical and mental benefits. Physical Football Swimming Cycling Basket ball Rope skipping Running| Mental Chess Scrabble Sudoku Monopoly Snake and ladders(refreshment)| How to take out time for Sports and games? I know many have reasons that they don’t have much time other than their work or studies but it is not possible.Its all about managing the time,so for making out time for sports and games you need to mange your time that’s it. Half or an hour a day is enough to keep you healthy and fit with other benefits.Who all are working can make out their time after the work post probably the evening and those who are studying can make out time when taking breaks.

Man and Woman Relationship in Naga-Mandala Essay

This paper is entitled Man and Woman relationship in Girish Karnad’s Naga-Mandala.. Simone de Beauvoir in her essay â€Å"The Second Sex† states that â€Å"The whole of feminine history has been man-made. Just as in America there is no Negro problem, but rather a white problem; just as anti-Semitism is not a Jewish problem, it is our problem; so the woman problem has always been a man problem.† Woman in Naga-Mandala is seen as an â€Å"other† in the society. It is an analysis of agony and anguish faced by men and woman in the society and their marriage. Karnad’s play reflect upon the role which women play in the society and the images of which are seen as biological, social situation and Indian culture. Every men and woman are said to live in a stereotypical way and this gives them a good name in the society. Karnad’s play focuses on conflicts and dilemmas experienced by men and woman in their social situation. Hypothesis: The study aim in analyzing the man woman relationship which is depicted in the Indian play Naga- Mandala using the concepts of Simone de Beauvoir’s â€Å"Second Sex† and the concepts of Patriarchy. Significance of the study/Theoretical Framework The study of man and woman relationship differentiates male and female in terms of conversation, intimacy and their behavior. The concept of patriarchy oppresses women among the society. In the play Naga- Mandala Karnad clearly portrays the relationship between man and woman with the feminist perspective. The research employs both theoretical and analytical approach with the help of the text using the concepts of Simone de Beauvoir. Literature Review Research paper titled Naga-Mandala: A Story of Marriage and Love, provides the relationship of man and woman portrayed in the play. Analysis Naga- Mandala is a play about a young couple named Rani and Appana. Appana is seen as husband who does not take care of his wife and locks her up in the house and he comes only in the afternoon to eat his lunch. According to Simone de Beauvoir, Appana treats his own wife as the â€Å"other† and makes her passive and static. He uses her as a so called â€Å"wife† to show the society that they are living together. Appanna does not lead a good life with his Rani and imprisons her by locking her up inside the house. Appana’s power is Rani’s subversive nature and the respect she gives to her husband. Rani is portrayed to be a good wife throughout the play. She obeys her husband and cooks lunch for him every day. She sees her husband as a sacred deity and worships him throughout the play. According to the Indian society marriage is seen as something sacred of â€Å"sex and love† between men and women. In this play Rani adjusts and lives her social life by herself, who is appointed by her husband and the traditional society. Throughout the play Appana does not show any love or affection to his wife. The relationship of Appanna and the concubine is considered to be the symbol of lust. Girish Karnad portrays Appanna as the best example of male chauvinism. He goes to the concubine and neglects his own wife and locks her so that she doesn’t get into any relationship. He is seen as a selfish person who leads a lustful life with another woman. He uses this woman only for her body and not because of love. This shows that he is escaping from the reality and cheats his wife and the concubine. He is treating the concubine and Rani in an unfair manner. The relationship with Rani and Naga is considered to a genuine love in the play. Naga comes in the form of Appanna and loves Rani who was in isolation from her real husband. Naga gives Rani everything that she missed from her husband. He also understands and respects her feelings and emotions. Even though Naga is a snake he expresses true love to his beloved which a human being cannot give to his wife. As a result of their love, Rani becomes pregnant. In Kiranth’s words, â€Å"†¦ an Indian woman knows that motherhood confers upon her a purpose and identity that nothing else in her culture can†. At the end of the play Rani is seen as a mother and good wife to Naga. The death of Naga plays a major role in the story where he sees Appanna and  Rani with their child sleeping together, he feels jealous and this shows that he loved Rani and was very possessive on her. He dies for the sake of Rani and her family. Rani asks Appanna to prepare to perform a sacred ritual for the dead Naga and her son should do the last rights of his father, and Appana agrees to her strange demand. This shows the true love that she had for Naga. A.K.Ramanujan writes that the â€Å"ritual tale itself is a public even told during the Cobra Festival to propitiate snake, to ensure safety and fertility within marriage.† Conclusion The analysis of ‘Man- Woman relationship in Karnad’s play, serves as the best example of woman’s position in the society. â€Å"†¦marriage is always open, and a recognition of the blessings and goodwill of the outsider for bringing together the husband and wife.† This is clearly seen in the play where snake- lover is seen as a hero in the play by expressing his true love to his beloved. Appanna has failed in his relationship with his wife and the fate makes him to accept Naga’s son as his own. The two men with different characters serve the twist in the play, and they are direct contrast between each other. In a happy family the husband should always compromise with the wife and the wife should compromise with husband. Thus, after the death of Naga, Appana starts a new life with his wife Rani. References Karnad, Girish. Naga-Mandala: A Play with a Cobra. New Delhi: OUP, 1991. Print. Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. Trans.Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. Random House, 2009. Print